Low back pain is discomfort in the area between the lower ribs and the hips. It is a very common condition that can affect people of all ages and usually improves with rest, gentle activity, medications and lifestyle changes.
Overview
What is low back pain?
Low back pain is discomfort in the area between the lower ribs and the hips. It is a very common condition that can affect people of all ages and usually improves with rest, gentle activity, medications and lifestyle changes.
Why is it important?
Low back pain can limit mobility and impact work, sleep and mental health. Early treatment is essential to improve movement and prevent long-term complications.
Who is commonly affected?
While anyone can be affected, it is most common in:
- Adults aged 30–60 and older adults
- People with physically demanding or sedentary jobs
- Those with poor posture, weak muscles or high body weight
Causes/Why It Happens
Low back pain develops when the structures of the spine are strained, damaged or aged. Common causes include:
Signs and Symptoms
Common symptoms
- Dull aching pain in the lower back
- Sharp or shooting pain
- Muscle stiffness or tightness
- Difficulty bending, standing or walking
- Pain that worsens after sitting for long periods
- Pain spreading to the hips, buttocks or legs
- Tingling, numbness or weakness in the legs (in some cases)
Warning signs
- Severe pain after an injury or fall
- Fever along with back pain
- Sudden weakness in the legs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Unexplained weight loss
- Pain that does not improve with rest
Diagnosis and Investigations
Clinical evaluation
Diagnosis typically relies on medical history and a physical examination.
- The interview: Doctors assess pain onset, triggers, previous injuries and neurological symptoms such as numbness
- Physical exam: Evaluation of posture, gait, spinal flexibility, muscle strength and reflexes
Tests
Ordered only if an exact cause must be identified:
- X-ray: Visualises bone issues such as fractures or arthritis
- MRI: Detailed imaging of nerves, discs and soft tissues
- CT scan: Provides high-definition cross-sectional views
- Blood tests: Detect infections or inflammatory markers
Treatment Options
Non-surgical management
- Physiotherapy: Stretching, core strengthening and posture correction
- Lifestyle changes: Ergonomic workstations, weight management and avoiding heavy lifting
- Medications: Analgesics, anti-inflammatories or muscle relaxants
- Self-care: Use of hot/cold packs and activity modification
When is surgery needed?
Surgery is a final option, reserved for severe nerve compression or when conservative treatments fail. Indications for surgery:
- Indications: Persistent, debilitating pain; progressive leg weakness; or ‘Red Flag’ symptoms such as loss of bowel control
- Common procedures: Disc removal (discectomy), spinal decompression or spinal fusion
Myths and Facts
Bed rest is the best treatment for back pain.
Too much bed rest can worsen stiffness and weakness. Gentle movement is often helpful.
Only older adults get low back pain.
Low back pain can affect people of all ages.
Surgery is always needed for back pain.
Most people improve without surgery.
Exercise worsens back pain.
Proper exercise and stretching usually help improve symptoms.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can low back pain go away on its own?
Yes. Many cases improve within a few weeks with rest, exercise and simple treatments.
When should I see a doctor?
Consult a doctor if pain is severe, lasts for several weeks or is associated with weakness, numbness or urine leakage.
Is walking good for low back pain?
Yes. Gentle walking often helps improve flexibility and reduce stiffness.
Can weight loss help reduce back pain?
Yes. Maintaining a healthy weight reduces pressure on the spine.
Speak to an orthopaedic specialist
Get an expert opinion and a personalised treatment plan at Sterling Hospitals.
