A herniated disc, also called a slipped or ruptured disc, occurs when the soft inner part of a spinal disc bulges out through a weak area. Spinal discs act as cushions between the bones of the spine and absorb shock. When a disc presses on nearby nerves,…

Overview

A herniated disc, also called a slipped or ruptured disc, occurs when the soft inner part of a spinal disc bulges out through a weak area. Spinal discs act as cushions between the bones of the spine and absorb shock. When a disc presses on nearby nerves, it can cause pain, numbness or weakness. Herniated discs commonly affect the lower back and neck.

Why is it Important?

A herniated disc can interfere with daily activities, work and sleep. In some cases, severe nerve pressure may lead to weakness or bladder and bowel problems that need urgent treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce pain and improve quality of life.

Who is Commonly Affected?

More common in:

• People with physically demanding jobs
• People who sit for long hours
• Smokers
• Overweight individuals
• Those who frequently lift heavy objects

Causes and Risk Factors

The most common cause is age-related wear and tear. As discs age, they lose water content, become less flexible and are more likely to tear.

Other contributing factors include:

• Heavy lifting with poor posture
• Sudden twisting movements
• Repetitive strain on the back
• Obesity
• Genetics
• Lifestyle factors, including smoking and being sedentary

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the location of the disc and the nerves affected.

Lower back herniated disc

• Lower back pain
• Pain spreading to the buttock or leg (sciatica)
• Tingling or numbness in the leg or foot
• Muscle weakness

Neck herniated disc

• Neck pain
• Pain spreading to the shoulder or arm
• Tingling or numbness in the hand or arm

Symptoms may worsen with coughing, sneezing, bending or prolonged sitting.

Warning Signs

Seek urgent medical care if there is:

• Loss of bladder or bowel control
• Urine leakage or inability to pass urine
• Severe leg weakness
• Numbness around the inner thighs or genital area

Diagnosis and Investigations

Doctors diagnose a herniated disc using medical history, physical examination and imaging tests.

Common Tests

• X-ray: Helps rule out other spine problems
• CT scan: Used to get images of affected spinal canal and surrounding structures
• MRI scan: Confirms the location of the herniated disc and the nerves affected
• Nerve tests: Assess nerve function in some cases

Blood tests are not usually required unless another condition is suspected.

Treatment Options

Most people improve without surgery within weeks to months.

Medicines

Doctors may prescribe pain relievers, anti-inflammatory medicines, muscle relaxants or medicines for nerve pain.

Lifestyle Changes

• Maintain good posture
• Avoid heavy lifting
• Exercise regularly
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Stop smoking

Physiotherapy and Non-surgical Care

Physiotherapy, stretching exercises and core strengthening help support the spine. Gentle activity is often better than prolonged bed rest. Heat therapy, cold packs or spinal injections may also help.

When is Surgery Needed?

Surgery may be recommended if severe pain persists, muscle weakness worsens or bladder/bowel control is affected.

Myths and Facts

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)