A fracture means a break or crack in a bone. Bones are strong, but they can break when too much force is applied, such as during a fall, accident or injury.

Overview of the Condition

A fracture means a break or crack in a bone. Bones are strong, but they can break when too much force is applied, such as during a fall, accident or injury.

Fractures can be:

• Open (compound): Bone breaks and comes out through the skin
• Simple (closed): Bone breaks but does not pierce the skin
• Hairline (stress fracture): Tiny cracks, often due to repeated stress
• Displaced fractures: Bone breaks into multiple pieces, forming a gap around the fracture

Causes – Why Do Fractures Happen?

Fractures occur when the force applied to a bone is stronger than the bone itself. Common causes include:

• Falls (most common cause)
• Road traffic accidents
• Sports injuries
• Osteoporosis (bones become thin and fragile)
• Low bone density

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of a fracture can vary depending on the severity and location, but common signs include:

Immediate symptoms

• Severe pain at the injury site
• Swelling and bruising
• Difficulty moving the affected area
• Tenderness when touched

Visible signs

• Deformity (bone looks out of place)
• Bone sticking out (in open fractures)

Other symptoms

• Inability to bear weight (e.g., leg fracture)
• Numbness or tingling (if nerves are affected)

Diagnosis and Investigations

Doctors use a combination of physical examination and tests to confirm a fracture.

a) Medical history and physical exam

b) Imaging tests

• X-ray
• Computed tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Bone scan

Treatment Options

Depending on the location and severity of the fracture, treatment may include:

a) Non-surgical treatment

Most fractures heal without surgery.

1. Immobilisation: Use of casts, splints or braces

2. Medications: Calcium and vitamin D supplements (if needed)

b) Surgical treatment

• Metal plates and screws
• Rods inserted inside the bone
• External fixators (frames outside the body)

Prevention tips

• Maintain good bone health: Eat calcium-rich foods (milk, leafy greens) Get enough vitamin D (sunlight)
• Eat calcium-rich foods (milk, leafy greens)
• Get enough vitamin D (sunlight)
• Exercise regularly to strengthen bones
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
• Consult your doctor

Key takeaway

A fracture is a common injury, but with timely diagnosis and proper care, most people recover fully. Recognising symptoms early and seeking medical help can prevent complications and ensure faster healing.

Myths and Facts About Fractures

Myth 1: If I can move the injured part, it is not a fracture.

Fact: You can still have a fracture and be able to move the limb. Some fractures (such as hairline fractures or small cracks) may allow limited movement but still require treatment.

Myth 2: Fractures only happen in major accidents.

Fact: Even minor falls or twisting injuries can cause fractures, especially in children, older adults, or people with weak bones.

Myth 3: Once treated, the bone becomes weak forever.

Fact: After proper healing, the bone can become as strong as it was before. In some cases, the healed area may even be temporarily stronger.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)