Sarcoidosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that causes small clumps of immune cells, known as granulomas, to form in various organs throughout the body. These granulomas are clusters of macrophages and other immune cells that form in response to a trigger, although the exact cause remains unknown. Over time, granulomas can alter the structure and function of the affected organs.

Sarcoidosis most affects the lungs and lymph nodes, but it can involve the skin, eyes, liver, heart, brain, spleen, and other organs. The disease can present with or without symptoms and may develop gradually or appear suddenly.

The condition is classified as a multisystem granulomatous disorder with an unpredictable course. In some cases, it resolves on its own, while in others, it can become chronic and cause permanent damage.

Who Is More Likely to Be Affected by Sarcoidosis?

Sarcoidosis can affect people of all ages, but it is most commonly seen in adults between the ages of 20 and 40. The condition is slightly more frequent in women than in men. People with a family history of sarcoidosis have a higher risk, suggesting a possible genetic link.

Common Symptoms of Sarcoidosis

• Persistent dry cough
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Skin rashes or reddish bumps (often on the shins)
• Eye redness, pain, or blurred vision
• Joint pain or stiffness
• Enlarged liver or spleen
• Heart rhythm problems
• Neurological symptoms (e.g., numbness, facial paralysis)

What Causes Sarcoidosis?

• Genetic predisposition: People with a family history are more likely to develop the disease, suggesting inherited immune system traits may play a role.
• Environmental or occupational exposure: Dust, mold, chemicals, insecticides, or other airborne irritants have been studied as potential triggers.
• Infectious agents: Some research suggests a link with bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Propionibacterium acnes; however, no specific infection has been definitively proven to cause sarcoidosis.
• Autoimmune mechanism: The condition may represent a form of immune dysregulation, where the body mistakenly identifies its own tissues as threats.

How Is Sarcoidosis Diagnosed?

• Physical examination to assess symptoms like cough, skin lesions, or swollen lymph nodes
• Chest X-ray to check for the enlarged lymph nodes or lung abnormalities
• High-resolution CT scan for detailed imaging of affected organs, especially the lungs
• Pulmonary function tests to analyze lung capacity and airflow
• Blood tests to look for the signs of inflammation, calcium levels, and organ function markers
• Biopsy of affected tissue (e.g., lymph node, skin, lung) to confirm granuloma presence
• Bronchoscopy with lavage or biopsy to collect lung samples for testing
• Eye exam if eye involvement is suspected
• ECG or cardiac MRI if heart symptoms are present
• PET scan or gallium scan in complex cases to assess active inflammation and organ involvement
• Exclusion of other diseases, like tuberculosis or fungal infections, that also cause granulomas

Treatment Options for Sarcoidosis

• Regular monitoring for mild or asymptomatic cases, as the disease can resolve on its own
• Corticosteroids (usually oral) to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response
• Immunosuppressive drugs for patients who don't respond well to steroids or need long-term treatment
• Hydroxychloroquine for skin lesions or high calcium levels (in selected cases)
• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for severe or treatment-resistant sarcoidosis
• Inhaled medications for lung involvement with fewer systemic side effects
• Organ-specific treatments, such as anti-arrhythmic therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis or eye drops for ocular symptoms.
• Oxygen therapy is indicated if lung function is significantly impaired.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation to improve breathing and physical stamina
• Surgical intervention (rarely) in cases of severe organ damage (e.g., lung transplant)

Managing Life with Sarcoidosis

• Routine follow-ups to monitor organ function and detect flare-ups early
• Adherence to prescribed treatment to control inflammation and prevent complications
• Healthy lifestyle choices include a balanced diet, regular sleep, and avoiding smoking
• Regular exercise to maintain lung function and muscle strength, as tolerated
• Protecting eyes by wearing sunglasses and attending scheduled eye checkups
• Stress management techniques, such as mindfullness, yoga, meditation or therapy, can reduce immune system triggers
• Monitoring for side effects of long-term medication, especially steroids
• Getting vaccinated (with doctor’s advice) to minimize the risk of infections while on immunosuppressants
• Patient education to understand symptoms, track disease activity, and recognize warning signs
• Joining support groups to stay informed and emotionally supported through shared experiences

Can Sarcoidosis Be Prevented?

There is no known way to prevent sarcoidosis, as the exact cause remains unclear. However, reducing exposure to dust, chemicals, mold, and other environmental irritants may help lower the risk in people with a genetic predisposition. 

Prompt treatment of symptoms and regular health checkups can help manage the disease early and reduce long-term complications. People working in high-risk occupations (such as farming, firefighting, or industrial settings) should use protective gear and minimize inhalation of unknown substances whenever possible.

Living with Sarcoidosis

Living with sarcoidosis involves ongoing management rather than a cure. Most people can lead everyday lives with proper treatment and monitoring. It’s essential to attend regular checkups, follow your medication plan, and monitor for any changes in symptoms.

Fatigue is common, so pacing daily activities and prioritizing rest are essential. Staying physically active, eating a nutritious diet, & avoiding smoking or pollutants can help protect affected organs, especially the lungs. Emotional support through counseling or support groups also plays a key role in coping with long-term effects.

Sterling Hospital is Your Partner in Better Health Across Gujarat

At Sterling Hospital, we provide the utmost care and comfort throughout your journey to a healthier life. We've got you covered if you are looking for the best pulmonologist in Vadodara, Rajkot, or  Gandhidham. 

Our pulmonary department is built with a team of the best pulmonologists in these regions to provide premium treatment and the best results. Contact Sterling Hospital to schedule a consultation and embark on a healthier future.