Dehydration - Symptoms & causes

Dehydration happens when the body loses way more fluids than it takes in, making it harder for organs and tissues to function correctly. Water plays a massive role in regulating body temperature, lubricating joints, delivering nutrients to cells, and removing waste. 

When there's not enough water in the system, even basic biological processes can begin to falter, starting with fatigue, dizziness, and a dry mouth, and potentially leading to much severe complications, such as kidney problems, heat-related illnesses, or even seizures in extreme cases.

Who Faces the Highest Risk of Dehydration?

Certain groups of people are more vulnerable to dehydration due to how their bodies manage fluids or how their lifestyle, environment, or medical condition affects fluid loss. 

Infants and young children are at high risk because they have a higher body water content, and their small size makes them more sensitive to even minor fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhea, or heat. 

Older adults are also more susceptible, as the sensation of thirst tends to weaken with age and kidney function gradually declines, making it harder for them to conserve water. People with illnesses like diabetes or kidney disease face added risk due to increased urination or medication side effects. 

Individuals who exercise strenuously or work outdoors in hot, humid climates lose more fluids through sweat, especially if they don't replace them promptly. Even those with temporary issues like a fever, stomach infection, or excessive alcohol intake can become dehydrated quickly if fluid intake is not maintained.

How Dehydration Builds Up in the Body

• Inadequate fluid intake: Not drinking enough water the whole day—especially in hot weather or during illness—can start the dehydration process
• Excessive fluid loss: Conditions like diarrhea, vomiting, or sweating heavily during physical activity can quickly reduce the body's fluid reserves
• Fever: A rise in body temperature leads to increased fluid loss through sweating, and the higher the fever, the faster dehydration can occur
• Frequent urination: This can result from uncontrolled diabetes, certain medications like diuretics, or alcohol consumption, all of which cause the body to lose more water than it retains
• Burns or skin injuries: Large burns or skin damage disrupt the body's ability to retain fluids and increase fluid loss through damaged skin
• Underlying health conditions: Kidney disorders, adrenal gland issues, or hormonal imbalances can interfere with the body's ability to maintain fluid balance

Signs Your Body Needs More Water

• Dry mouth and tongue
• Thirst
• Dark yellow urine
• Reduced urine output
• Headache
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Fatigue or tiredness
• Dry, cool skin
• Rapid heartbeat
• Rapid breathing
• Sunken eyes
• Low blood pressure
• Confusion or irritability
• Muscle cramps
• Lack of sweat despite heat or exertion
• Weakness
• Fainting
• Constipation
• No tears when crying (in infants and young children)
• Sunken soft spot on the head (only in babies)

How Much Water Do You Actually Need?

There's no single formula that fits everyone when it comes to daily water intake. Needs vary depending on age, body size, activity level, climate, and underlying health conditions. However, as a general benchmark, adult men should aim for about 3.7 liters (around 15.5 cups) of fluids per day, while adult women should target approximately 2.7 liters (about 11.5 cups). 

This includes water from all sources—drinks, food, and even metabolic water produced inside the body. People who spend time outdoors, exercise regularly, are ill, or live in hot climates may need more than this baseline. 

Waiting until you feel thirsty isn't a reliable approach, especially for older adults, as the thirst signal weakens with age. A practical way to monitor hydration is by checking your urine—if it's pale yellow, your fluid levels are likely on track.

What Helps Reverse Dehydration?

• Drink small, frequent sips of water
• Use oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for moderate dehydration
• Include fluids that contain electrolytes, especially after heavy sweating or illness
• Avoid caffeinated, alcoholic, or sugary drinks while rehydrating
• Eat water-rich foods like fruits (e.g., watermelon, oranges) and vegetables (e.g., cucumber, lettuce)
• Rest in a calm, shaded environment to reduce further fluid loss
• Monitor urine output and color to track improvement
• For children or adults with severe dehydration, seek medical care for IV fluids
• Manage underlying causes like vomiting, diarrhea, or fever to prevent continued fluid loss

Smart Habits to Prevent Dehydration

Build hydration into your routine rather than relying on thirst as a reminder. Start your day with a glass of water, and keep fluids readily available throughout the day, whether at work, during travel, or while engaging in any outdoor activity. Increase your intake during illness, warm weather, or physical activity—even if you don't feel thirsty.

Choose fluids with electrolytes when you're losing more than just water, such as during intense workouts or gastrointestinal illnesses. If you're caring for older adults or young children, watch for early signs, such as reduced urination or dry lips, and encourage them to drink plenty of fluids regularly. 

Eating hydrating foods, such as fruits, soups, and yogurt, can also significantly contribute to daily water needs.

Long-Term Impact of Repeated Dehydration

While occasional mild dehydration can be corrected quickly, frequent or prolonged dehydration can have a significant impact on the body. Over time, it increases the risk of kidney stones & urinary tract infections due to the concentration of urine and reduced waste removal. 

Chronic fluid shortages can also impair digestion and reduce the body's ability to regulate blood pressure, leading to episodes of dizziness or fainting. In older adults, persistent dehydration may accelerate cognitive decline or increase the risk of falls. 

For individuals with heart, kidney, or endocrine issues, repeated dehydration can worsen their existing conditions and complicate treatment outcomes.

When Should You Seek Medical Help?

Mild dehydration can be managed at home, but some situations require urgent medical attention. If someone hasn't urinated for eight hours or more, is confused, unusually drowsy, or has a parched mouth and skin, these may be signs of moderate to severe dehydration. 

In children, watch for sunken eyes, no tears when crying, or a dry diaper for several hours. If vomiting or diarrhea persists for longer than 24 hours, or if there's a high fever along with signs of dehydration, it's essential to consult a doctor immediately. 

Individuals with underlying conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or heart problems should not delay treatment, as dehydration can worsen these conditions rapidly.

Your Journey to Better Health Starts Here

At Sterling Hospital, we're dedicated to being your trusted partner in achieving better health across Gujarat. We prioritize your comfort and well-being every step of the way, providing the utmost care throughout your journey to a healthier life. 

Contact Sterling Hospital today to schedule a consultation and embark on a healthier future.