Overview of the Condition

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

• CAD is a condition where blood vessels supplying the heart become narrow due to fat and cholesterol buildup
• This reduces blood flow to the heart muscle
• It can cause chest pain and shortness of breath
• Complete blockage can lead to a heart attack

Why is it Important?

CAD is one of the leading causes of heart attacks and death worldwide. According to WHO, cardiovascular diseases account for nearly 27% of deaths in India.

Common Symptoms

• Chest pain or discomfort
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue

Warning Signs

• Severe chest pain spreading to arm/jaw
• Sudden sweating or nausea
• Difficulty breathing

Treatment Options Before the Procedure

• Medications — prevent blood clots and lower cholesterol
• Lifestyle changes — balanced diet, exercise, stopping smoking

Procedures

• Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
• Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
• Angiography
• Zero contrast angiography

Procedure Overview and Preparation

What is PCI and Why is it Done?

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also called coronary angioplasty, is a minimally invasive procedure used to open blocked heart arteries and improve blood flow. During the procedure, a small balloon widens the blocked artery, and a stent (small mesh tube) is usually placed to keep the artery open long term. Some stents slowly release medication to help reduce re-narrowing.

Before the Procedure

• Avoid eating or drinking for several hours
• Blood-thinning medicines may need temporary adjustment
• Inform the doctor about allergies, kidney disease, bleeding disorders, or medicines being taken
• Continue or stop medications only as advised
• Arrange transportation and support after discharge

Step-by-Step

• A catheter is inserted through a blood vessel in the arm or thigh and guided to the heart
• Contrast dye and X-ray imaging are used to identify the blocked artery
• A small balloon is inflated to open the blockage
• A stent may be placed to help keep the artery open

Time Required

30 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the severity of blockage.

Risks, Benefits and Hospital Stay

Risks and Complications

• PCI is generally a safe procedure with a low risk of complications
• Possible risks include bleeding or infection at the catheter insertion site
• Blood clots or re-narrowing of the artery may occur rarely
• Stroke is an uncommon complication
• Drug-eluting stents help reduce the risk of artery re-narrowing to under 5%

Benefits and Expected Outcomes

• Improves blood flow to the heart
• Relieves symptoms such as chest pain and shortness of breath

Recovery, Lifestyle and Follow-up

Recovery and Aftercare

• Most patients can resume normal activities within a week after PCI
• Patients involved in heavy physical work may require a longer recovery period
• Most patients can resume light daily activities within a few days

Diet

• Follow a heart-healthy diet low in salt, sugar, and saturated fat
• Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein

Long-Term Care

• Regular follow-up visits and medications are important
• Control blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol

Myths vs Facts

Frequently Asked Questions